d2681468-3c6d-48fc-9ccc-2660d958eb26Gasoline mix (premium) at filling station (E10)from crude oil and bio componentsconsumption mix, at filling station10.7 wt.% bio componentsEnergy carriers and technologiesCrude oil based fuelsThe data set covers the entire supply chain of the filling station products. This includes well drilling, crude oil production and processing, transportation of crude oil via pipeline resp. vessel to the refinery as well as transportation from refinery to filling station. Main technologies such as conventional (primary, secondary, tertiary) and unconventional production (oil sands, in-situ), both including parameters like energy consumption, transport distances, crude oil processing technologies are individually considered for each crude oil production country. Also considered are country / region specific downstream (refining) and filling station technologies, feedstock (crude oil) and product (diesel fuel, etc.) properties, like sulphur contents. All fuel delivering countries, including domestic production, contribute by their corresponding shares (taken from national statistics) to the fuel mix. The biogenic components blended to the fossil fuel are also modelled individually. The inventory is mainly based on industry data and is completed, where necessary, by secondary data.0The data set represents the national / regional consumption mix (supply mix) including domestic production and imports.Foreground system:
Petroleum refineries are complex plants. The combination and sequence of a large number of processes is usually very specific to the characteristics of the crude oil and the products to be produced. Additional influencing factors are the market demand for the type of products, the available crude oil quality and certain requirements set by authorities the configuration and complexity of a refinery.
Simple hydro-skimming refineries can process only a few crude oil qualities and produce few high-quality products. Complex refineries with many conversion plants can process different crude oil types.
Petroleum refinery activities start with the reception of crude oil. After desalting, the crude oil is feeded to the distilling column of the atmospheric distillation (fractionation of the crude oil by separation according to density/ boiling/ condensation areas). The light ends (gases) go up to the head of the column and are employed to the liquid gas system to recover methane and ethane for use as refinery fuel and LPG (propane and butane) as saleable products. This light product separation is done in almost every refinery. These gases can also be used in a steam-reforming process to produce hydrogen, which is needed for the desulphurisation processes, the hydro cracking and to a lesser extent for the isomerisation unit. The straight-run naphtha of the atmospheric distillation, which is taken in the upper trays of the column are spitted and fed to three different processes. The light naphtha fraction is introduced to the chemical sweeten process. Some sweeted naphtha is directly blended in the gasoline pool, the main fraction is sent to the isomerisation unit where the aliphatic paraffins are converted into iso-paraffins with a high octane value. Often there is a de-isopentaniser (distillation) downstream to increase the gain of iso-components. These iso-paraffins are very valuable components for the gasoline production with high RON content. After desulphurisation the heavy naphtha fractions are sent to the reformer for catalytic transformation from aliphatic paraffins to iso-paraffins and from cyclo-paraffins to aromatic compounds, with a reduction of the net calorific value. The specific feature of this process is the production of hydrogen (the only hydrogen producer besides additional plants, like steam-reforming). The outputs of the isomerisation (often including a de-isopentaniser) and catalytic reforming go to the gasoline blending system and premium or regular gasoline follow as products. Kerosene is directly obtained from the atmospheric distillation and is separately treated from the rest of the middle distillates fraction. The main part of the middle distillates produced in the atmospheric distillation is employed into the hydrofiner (for desulphurisation). The desulphurised product is fed to the middle distillate blender. The residue from the atmospheric distillation is, mainly, introduced to the vacuum distillation. Here there is a distillation in light vacuum gas oil, vacuum gas oil (wax distillate) and vacuum residue. A part of the atmospheric residue is fed into the visbreaker (mild thermal cracking). Small amounts are introduced directly into the heating oil blending system and the asphalt-blowing process. The light gas oil, as a product of the vacuum distillation, goes to the hydrofiner, is desulphurised, and employed to the middle distillate blender. Some of the vacuum distillate, which has been taken from the middle trays of the vacuum distillation, is introduced to the base oil production of lubricants and waxes. Most of it is fed either to a catalytic cracker (first desulphurised) or a hydrocracker, where the feeds are converted into shorter chains by molecule restructuring. The products are gases, gasoline, middle distillates and heavy cycle gas oils (components of the heavy fuel oil). The gases of the catalytic cracking are treated in an alkylation and polymerisation unit to manufacture additional valuable gasoline components. These processes are used to combine small petroleum molecules into larger ones. Butylene of the catalytic cracker is further used to produce Methyl-Tertiary- Butyl- Ether (MTBE), a product used as octane booster. Sometimes, external purchased bio-ethanol is used instead. The naphtha of the FCC has to be treated in a special desulphurisation process to reduce the high sulphur content. The vacuum residues go into the coking process, which produces gases, gasoline, middle distillates and heating oil. A further product is petroleum coke, which is then purified. The vacuum residue, like some of the atmospheric residue, is also used as feed for the visbreaking, which also produces gases, naphtha, middle distillates and heating oil. The extracted hydrogen sulphides of all desulphurisation processes are fed to a sulphur recovery unit (claus plant) to recover elemental sulphur. The energy generation (heat, steam and electricity) requires a large amount of fuels. The fuel burned in refineries power plants and incinerators may be refinery gas, heating oil (residual oil), petrol coke and sometimes middle distillates and LPG. Beside purchased natural gas and electricity is employed.
All important material and energy flows (input- output) of the refinery are shown in the following graph system boundary of the refinery model.
Furthermore a simplified flow chart of the refinery operation is shown below. The arrangement of these processes varies among refineries, and few, if any, employ all of these processes.
The data set describes a mass-weighted average refinery for the respective country / region.
The data set considers the whole supply chain from crude oil exploration / well installation, production, transport to refining operation, transport to filling station and the refuelling operation. The country / region specific fuel consumption mix, mixes indigenous produced fuel with fuel imports from the corresponding producing countries. The mix can be seen for a specific country / region as average fuel consumed. The pie chart presented below represents the fuel consumption mix. As indicated in the process name, some fuels have certain shares of bio-components. The supply of these bio-components (bio-ethanol and bio-diesel) is modelled according to the national / regional situation.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Gasoline (premium) at refineryBioethanol from sugar beet, at plantSupply of 1 kg gasoline (premium) at filling station for road transportation and other consumers.energy_filling_station_gasoline_flow_chart.jpgenergy_filling_station_gasoline_mix_my.jpgenergy_refinery_system_boundaries.jpgenergy_refinery_flow_chart.jpgenergy_refinery_output_my_2010.jpgLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - massFor all products of the refinery, allocation by mass and net calorific value is applied. The feedstock (crude oil) is allocated by energy, the refinery efforts (emissions) by mass to each product. The production route of every refinery product is modelled in detail, and therefore it is possible to track the energy efforts for operating each single unit processes of the refinery. These energy demand and the corresponding emissions, can be allocated causer-oriented to each refinery product.
The feedstock of the respective unit process, which is necessary for the production of a product or an intermediate product, is allocated by energy (i.e. mass of the product * net calorific value of the product). In these way products with high caloric values, e.g. gasoline or gases are assigned to higher feedstock consumption and hence higher environmental upstream impacts compared with low caloric value products (e.g. asphalt, residual oil).
The energy demand (thermal energy, steam, electricity) of a process, e.g. atmospheric distillation, being required to create a product or a intermediate product, are allocated according to the share of the throughput of the unit process (mass allocation). In general, products which are more complex to produce and therefore pass a lot of refinery facilities e.g. gasoline, are assigned with a higher energy consumption values (and hence higher emissions) compared with e.g. straight-run products.
For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGL) production allocation by net calorific value is applied.Direct land use change: GHG emissions from direct LUC allocated to good/service for 20 years after the LUC occurs.
Carbon storage and delayed emissions: credits associated with temporary (carbon) storage or delayed emissions are not considered in the calculation of the Global Warming Potential impacts for the default impact categories.
Emissions off-setting: not included
Fossil and biogenic carbon emissions and removals: removals and emissions are modelled as follows: All GHG emissions from fossil fuels (including peat and limestone) are modelled consistently with the ILCD list of elementary flows. In the case that the emissions refer to the molecules CO2 and CH4, they are modelled as ‘carbon dioxide (fossil)’ and ‘methane (fossil)’. Biogenic uptake and emissions are modelled separately. For land use change, all carbon emissions and uptakes are inventoried separately for each of the elementary flows. Soil carbon accumulation (uptake) via improved agricultural management is excluded from the model.NonePEF guide (2013/179/EU)PEF pilot guidance v5.2, 2016GaBi Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Energy Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Refinery Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Water Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Agrarian Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Land Use Change Model DocumentationGaBi Agriculture Model DocumentationA cut-off rule of 95%, based on material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance, is (if applied) clearly documented and confirmed by the reviewer, in particular with reference to the environmental significance of the cut-off applied. A cut-off rule lower than 95% is not used.
Capital goods (including infrastructures) and their End of life: they are included unless the exclusion is clearly documented and allowed according to the cut-off principles.
System boundaries: system boundaries include all known processes linked to the product supply chain.NoneThe data sources for the complete product system are sufficiently consistent: The data on the energy carrier supply chain are based on statistics with country / region-specific transport distances and energy carrier composition, as well as industry and literature data on the inventory of exploration, production and processing. Infrastructure data are from literature. Refinery data are also based on statistical data and measurements of major refineries as well as literature data. Filling station data are from literature. LCI modelling is fully consistent.NoneIn terms of the country / region specific crude oil production, refining and refuelling, missing data of certain parameters has been used from countries with a comparable technology. Data measured at a group of representative production facilities have been used to represent the national production.NoneAnnual energy review 2011VOC - Mineralölindustrie, petrochemische und kunststoffverarbeitende Industrie, 2010Optimierung der Schnittstelle: Zapfventil/Tankstutzen - Untersuchungsbericht, 2000SBAP: A Guide to Air Regulations for: Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Dispensing Stations, 2009Aramid Fibers (Karl K. Chang)PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARAMID COPOLYMER FIBERS FOR USE IN CUT PROTECTIONEmissions Estimation Technique Manual for Aggregated Emissions from Service Stations, 1999Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context, 2010Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context, 2009US EPA Emissions Factors & AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 5th Ed.Road Transport Biofuels: Impact on UK Air Quality, 2011Basisdaten für ökol. Bilanzierungen - Einsatz von Nutzfzg. in Transport, Landwirtschaft und BergbauAutogas in EuropeAus der Sprache des ÖlsAsia-Pacific Diesel Sulphur MatrixApplication for Approval of the Shell Scotford Upgrader 2 ProjectAir pollutant emission estimation methods for E-PRTR reporting by refineriesAgência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), Statistical data, 2005Abastecimento de água de uma refinaria de petróleoOverview of the European Downstream Oil industryNational Brazilian LCI DatabaseMineralöl und UmweltschutzMineralöl und RaffinerienMethodology Report: Pilot Study DieselLow-Sulfur Gasoline & DieselLatin America and the Caribbean Sulphur Levels in Diesel FuelJahresbericht 2008Improvements in Life Cycle Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of corn-EthanolImpact of marine fuels quality legislation on EU refineries at the 2020 horizonHow a oil refinery worksHighway, Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel Sulfur StandardsGlobal Refining OutlookGasoline Sulfur StandardsEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEmissoes dos Gases Geradores do Efeito Estufa por Termel‚ctricas no Periodo 2000 a 2020Deutscher Beitrag zur besten verfügbaren Techniken in der RaffinerieindustrieCurrent and Proposed Sulfur levels in Diesel in Asia, EU and USAConsumptive Water Use in the Production of Ethanol and Petroleum GasolineComprehensive Multi-Output LCA Model - RefineryWorldwide Refining Survey 2009EUP Lot 11 Motors Final ReportWell-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European contextToward a Cleaner FutureStudy on Oil Refining and Oil MarketsStatistical Review of Global LP GasStandards of Performance for Petroleum RefineriesRichtlinie 2003/17/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 3. März 2003Richtlinie 2009/28/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 23. April 2009Refining Processing HandbookRefining BREF review - air emissionsQuantificação e Redução de Emissões de gases Efeito estufa numa Refinaria de Petróleo - REPLAN, 2007Project News and InformationPetroleum Refining - Technology and EconomicsRefueling and Evaporative Emissions of VOC from Gasoline Powered Motor Vehicles, 2007New Technology for Emission Reduction at Petrol Stations, 2000Assessment of the Implementation of the VOC Stage 1 Directive (1994/63/EC), 2009PFS of the Future, 2010Brazil’s ethanol industry: Looking forward (Bio-02 Outlook).South African petroleum imports in 2006 by country of origin Well-to-wheel evaluation for production of ethanol from wheatBiofuels Annual 2018Monthly energy review 2016Balanco energético nacional 2016Australian Petroleum Statistics 2017Versorgung, Umwandlung, Verbrauch - Öl - Jährliche Daten [nrg_102a] U.S. Liquefied Petroleum Gases Imports U.S. Distillate Fuel Oil Imports U.S. Finished Motor Gasoline Imports Imports (by Country of Origin) - Oil - Annual Data World Energy Statistics 201895.02008-2017NoneLife Cycle Inventory (LCI) dataset to be used in Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) and Organisation Environmental Footprint Sectoral Rules (OEFSRs) developed in the context of the Environmental Footprint pilot phase launched by the Commission in 2013.
The datasets are specifically designed for these methodological requirements (see above) and the related LCIA methods (listed below) recommended in PEF. Do not use outside of this scope.All relevant flows quantifiedResource depletion water, midpoint (v1.06)Resource depletion, mineral, fossils and renewables, midpoint (v1.06)Climate change midpoint, incl biogenic carbon (v1.06)Particulate matter/Respiratory inorganics midpoint (v1.06)Acidification midpoint (v1.06)Eutrophication terrestrial midpoint (v1.06)Eutrophication freshwater midpoint (v1.06)Ionizing radiation midpoint, human health (v1.06)Eutrophication marine midpoint (v1.06)Ozone depletion midpoint (v1.06)Photochemical ozone formation midpoint, human health (v1.06)Ecotoxicity freshwater midpoint (v1.06)Human toxicity midpoint, cancer effects (v1.06)Human toxicity midpoint, non-cancer effects (v1.06)The method to set up the LCI data are related to the requirements in ISO 14040 and 14044 for LCA studies. The documentation includes all relevant information concerning data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art of the referenced functional unit.
In the PEF context the field "Methodlogical appropriateness and consistency" applies solely to the criterium for implementation of the defined EoL formula, as any other methodologial requirements are defined as mandatory.thinkstepGood overall quality (2,2) interpreted into "good quality" in the PEF quality validation scheme„The dataset is compliant to "PEF/OEF implementation, mandatory data 2016-2020" and "ILCD Data Network - Entry-level".
The representativeness of the data set regarding geography, technology and time is very good, as recent data for the specific country/region as well as the employed technologies was available for the relevant parts of the whole life cycle (particularly energy raw materials exploitation and conversion (e.g. refinery)). The completeness of the inventory is also very good, as the product chain from cradle to gate is well established and the emissions and resources that relevantly contribute to all product-specific relevant impact categories are well covered in the relevant processes also from cradle to gate. The precision of the data is good, given some uncertainties of measured and reported data for some emissions in the energy carrier exploitation and to a smaller degree for energy conversion processes. The results are plausible, both for the impact category level results as well as for the most relevant elementary flows. The data set documentation is reflecting what has been modelled and is appropriate in terms of content and level of detail. The system boundaries include all relevant processes and activity types from cradle to gate, the not covered activities and flows (cut-off due to data limitations for less relevant contributors) jointly contribute less than a few % to the overall environmental impacts. An active cut-off, i.e. by excluding available data, has not been found. The LCI modelling choices follow the PEF and OEF guides, such as allocation, consistency of included processes, and LCI methodology in general; further requirements of the PEF guide and the PEF and OEF guidance documents (version 5.2 of February 2016) are equally observed. The pre-calculated LCIA results that are provided for the 15 EF impact categories have been calculating in correspondence of the Input and Output elementary flows (including their geographical validity, e.g. country-specific water consumption) with the applied LCIA method(s). In the PEF context the field "Methodological appropriateness and consistency" applies solely to the criterion for implementation of the defined EoL formula, as any other methodological requirements are defined as mandatory."Methodlogical appropriateness and consistency" applies solely to the criterium for implementation of the defined EoL formula, as any other methodologial requirements are defined as mandatory.”Peter Shonfield (PhD)Johannes KreissigDr.-Ing. Wolfram TriniusVery good overall quality (1,8) interpreted into "very good quality" in the PEF quality validation schemeJP Gasoline mix (premium) at filling station (E10) [agg]thinkstepThis background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.thinkstep2020-01-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1thinkstepNo official approval by producer or operator2020-01-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesthinksteptrueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of thinkstep AG. thinkstep AG delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Gasoline (premium)Output1.01.00Mixed primary / secondaryMeasuredvaluable