047e1504-7b83-4764-9b9b-7ea00a5a5074Fabricated heavy structural shapes, Commercial Metals Company (A1-A3)EAF routeSingle producer, multiple locations7833 kg/m3Rebar, reinforcement barSystemsConstructionThis data set contains the results for the modules A1-A3 according to EN 15804. It includes the preparation of the precursor materials through to raw material extraction and processing, their transport to the factory and the production itself, including the provision of all supplies and materials, energy, and the complete waste treatment or the residual waste during the stage of production.
A comparison with other products is only allowed by a similar application in the building. In principle, a comparison or evaluation of EPD data is only possible if all the datasets are created to be compared to EN 15804 and the product-specific features are considered.0Manufactured in the United StatesForeground system:
The fabrication of heavy structural shapes consists of sawing, cutting, drilling, reinforcing, welding, assembling and painting steel plates and shapes for specific construction installations. The process is completed both manually and with automated equipment in a manufacturing environment. In structural fabrication, parallel flange structural shapes comprise by weight approximately 54% of the raw material requirements in the fabrication process. The remaining 46% weight is typically angles, channels, flats, plate and other steel products. CMC does not manufacture parallel flange structural shapes, but purchases them from third-party steel mill manufacturing resources within North America for further fabrication. The production of heavy structural shapes in North America first requires scrap steel to be melted in an electric arc furnace (EAF) using a combination of electrical energy and chemical energy in the form of carbon and oxygen injection into the steel. When the steel has reached approximately 3,000°F, the steel is poured (tapped) into a vessel called a ladle. During tapping, the majority of the alloys and fluxes are added to the steel to serve as deoxidizers and strengthening agents. The ladle is transported to a ladle furnace, where the steel chemistry is refined to meet the chemical specifications. The ladle is then transported to a continuous caster where the steel is solidified into a solid, basic shape called a billet or near-net shape semi-finished product. The semi-finished product is rolled into its final shape in a rolling mill.
The mill markings for source mill, material grade, and specification are rolled into the products
on the final finishing stand.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Carbon steel used in a structural capacitymetals_fabricated steel image.jpgPartly terminated systemAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - exergetic contentAllocation - element contentAllocation - massAdjust according to allocations. Always checked: market value, net calorific value, exergetic content and mass
Foreground system:
Steel scrap: Scrap generated during manufacturing is modeled as a closed-loop system. Scrap burden includes inbound transportation only. Upstream processing, e.g. shredding and sorting, is excluded as it would instead fall under module C3 of the previous life cycle in which the scrap is generated.
Multi-product output: Where multiple finished products are produced, allocation sometimes had to be applied. While the melt shop knows exact formulations and energy requirements for each billet produced, the data for the rolling mill had to be allocated by total production time. In cases where melt shop and rolling mill water, waste, and emissions could not be separated, impacts were allocated by product mass.
Co-products: The avoided burden method is applied for co-products in accordance with the PCR. Using system expansion, credit is given for the end use of the co-products of the steel manufacturing process. Avoided production products and rates for EAF slag and mill scale are based on the worldsteel LCA Methodology Report (World Steel Association, 2011)
Background system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.
For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneEN15804GaBi Modelling PrinciplesCut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95% of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98% of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgment).NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent.NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneGaBi databases95.0Not applicableAdjustNoneA1-A3: The environmental profile includes expenses for the life cycle stages cradle-to-gate (module A1-A3). The production of the packaging has been taken into account within the modules A1-A3.No statementThe LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.
thinkstepIBUthinkstep2020-01-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1thinkstepNo official approval by producer or operator2020-01-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedtrueOtherThe EPD owner (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of thinkstep AG. thinkstep AG delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Structural steelOutput1000.01000.00Mixed primary / secondaryMeasuredvaluable